Research

Webinar:

Future Hydrogen Systems - A North East and North West Perspectives 
Developing a hydrogen economy is a whole-UK story. Listen to our two experts, Professor Joeseph Howe from Chester University and Keith Owen from Northern Gas Networks, discuss recent and upcoming hydrogen system initiatives. Both speakers gave insights in to the North West Hydrogen Alliance , HyNet the backbone for hydrogen distribution and Whitby and Redcar Hydrogen Trials. The webinar ended with a great discussion around public perceptions on hydrogen, future plans and what barriers need to be overcome to a fully integrated hydrogen economy.

click here or on webinar title to access.

Speaker Biographies:
Professor Joseph Howe has extensive experience in working interchangeably with industry on major environmental projects and initiatives across the UK, including the opportunities afforded to UK industry in delivering of the £600bn of infrastructure projects by 2030. Joe is pro-actively engaged with the UK’s emerging clean growth agenda including his roles on the UK Decarbonised of Gas Alliance, chairing of the NW Hydrogen Alliance and being the North West academic lead for the UK Industrial Decarbonisation Research and Innovation Centre. Joe is particularly passionate about the STEM skills and sits on the Board of the Department of Education: Engineering Construction Industries Training Board.

Keith Owen is Head of Systems Development and Energy Strategy at Northern Gas Networks. His areas of interest and skill sets align to the identification of new and existing technologies to progress the transition to low carbon gas infrastructure, to support the government climate changes targets (NetZero) through to 2050. He is responsible to research across a range of themes such as digital, heat, transport, customer vulnerability and whole systems looking across gas, electricity water and communication networks, considering the energy transition to net zero through a whole energy systems approach. Keith is actively involved with a range of universities, notably Newcastle, Durham and Northumbria, a board member of the North East Energy Catalyst, a member of the Industrial Advisory Board for the Supergen Network and, the recently finished project National Centre for Energy Systems Integration (CESI). He also chairs the IGEM Hydrogen committee tasked with management and development of new hydrogen standards for the gas industry.

Presentation:

Dynamics of the Transition to Renewable Hydrogen by Dr Reza Fazeli
This pre-recorded presentation delivered by Dr Reza Fazeli from Australian National University talks about the dynamics of transitioning to a renewable hydrogen economy. He discusses policy challenges, hydrogen markets and key research questions that still need to be addressed. 

Click here or on presentation title to access.

Speaker Biography: Dr Reza Fazeli is a Research Fellow at Zero-Carbon Energy for the Asia-Pacific Grand Challenge. He joined the ANU College of Engineering and Computer Science in January 2020. He spent the previous 6 years as a Research Analyst and Adjunct lecturer at the University of Iceland, focusing on trajectories towards a sustainable energy systems. His main research interests are energy systems modeling, analysis of energy policies towards decarbonization and Multi-criteria decision analysis for energy planning. He received his PhD in Sustainable Energy systems from University of Porto, MIT-Portugal program. He has an MSc in Energy Systems Engineering from Sharif University of Technology in Tehran, Iran and a BSc in Mechanical Engineering from University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

 Click here to view on our HI-ACT Youtube channel

Agenda:

• Introduction – Prof. David Flynn, University of Glasgow (5 mins)
• Matthew Scott, NEA: Hydrogen transitions and fuel poverty in the UK’ (20 mins)
• Neil Kermode, EMEC: Orkney Wind Energy, perspectives on green hydrogen (20 mins)
• Discussion and Q&A

About the Speakers:

Dr Matthew Scott is a Senior Research and Policy Officer at National Energy Action (NEA), the UK’s national fuel poverty charity working across England, Wales and Northern Ireland. He works across several of NEA’s research and evaluation projects, and previous worked on hydrogen transitions and energy justice at Newcastle University.

Neil Kermode is the Managing Director of EMEC - the world’s leading test facility for wave and tidal energy converters. EMEC is also pioneering the development of a hydrogen economy in Orkney and is Project Director for the ReFLEX Orkney which is seeking to develop an integrated, affordable, low-carbon energy system for the future.

IEEE Access

Smart Local Energy Systems: Optimal Planning of Stand-Alone Hybrid Green Power Systems for On-line Charging of Electric Vehicles

Abstract: Multi-vector smart local energy systems are playing an increasingly importantly role in the fast-track decarbonisation of our global energy services. An emergent contributor to global decarbonisation is green hydrogen. Green hydrogen can remove or reduce the burden of electrification of heat and transport on energy networks and provide a sustainable energy resource. In this paper, we explore how to optimally design a standalone hybrid green power system (HGPS) to supply a specific load demand with on-line charging of Electric Vehicles (EV). The HGPS includes wind turbine (WT) units, photovoltaic (PV) arrays, electrolyser and fuel cell (FC). For reliability analysis, it is assumed that WT, PV, DC/AC converter, and EV charger can also be sources of potential failure. Our methodology utilises a particle swarm optimization, coupled with a range of energy scenarios as to fully evaluate the varying interdependences and importance of economic and reliability indices, for the standalone HGPS. Our analysis indicates that EV charging with peak loading can have significant impact on the HGPS, resulting in significant reductions in the reliability indices of the HGPS, therefore enhance the operation of HGPS and reduces the overall cost. Our analysis demonstrates the importance of understanding local demand within a multi-vector optimization framework, as to ensure viable and resilient energy services.

Full paper available here or by following URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10018211 

Elsevier's Journal of Bioresource Technology.

Life cycle assessment of waste-to-hydrogen systems for fuel cell electric buses in Glasgow, Scotland

Abstract: Waste-to-hydrogen (WtH) technologies are proposed as a dual-purpose method for simultaneous non-fossil-fuel based hydrogen production and sustainable waste management. This work applied the life cycle assessment approach to evaluate the carbon saving potential of two main WtH technologies (gasification and fermentation) in comparison to the conventional hydrogen production method of steam methane reforming (SMR) powering fuel cell electric buses in Glasgow. It was shown that WtH technologies could reduce CO₂-eq emissions per kg H₂ by 50–69% as compared to SMR. Gasification treating municipal solid waste and waste wood had global warming potentials of 4.99 and 4.11 kg CO₂-eq/kg H₂ respectively, which were lower than dark fermentation treating wet waste at 6.6 kg CO₂-eq/kg H₂ and combined dark and photo fermentation at 6.4 kg CO₂-eq/kg H₂. The distance emissions of WtH-based fuel cell electric bus scenarios were 0.33–0.44 kg CO₂-eq/km as compared to 0.89 kg CO₂-eq/km for the SMR-based scenario.

Full paper available here or by following URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852422007933

Following on from the government’s commitment in the British Energy Security Strategy to design new business models for hydrogen transportation and storage infrastructure by 2025, we asked our HI-ACT Cardiff team to consider the recent government consultation on the proposals for hydrogen transport and storage business models.

Our HI-ACT team in Cardiff comprises of Professor Jianzhong Wu who is a Co-Investigator for HI-ACT and leads WP1, The Way Forward and is the International Theme Champion. Dr Meysam Qadrdan is a Co-Investigator on HI-ACT for WP1, The Way Forward and WP2, Whole Systems Understanding. He is also the EDI Theme Champion. Dr Modassar Chaudry is a Senior Research Fellow in the School of Engineering at Cardiff University.

Q) Do you agree with Government’s analysis and vision for hydrogen network evolution through the different phases as described?

A) We agree with the broad principle that across the various parts of a ‘hydrogen eco-system’ one must start small-scale (production, pipelines, storage, and end users) with the likelihood of clustering around other parts of a hydrogen system or around industrial sites.  From mid to late 2020s we also envisage several clusters potentially joining together to form quasi-regional systems and emerging interactions with the other energy vectors, such as the gas and electrical systems. By early 2030s, as envisioned by National Grid Project Union (National Grid, 2022), connection of regional clusters and hydrogen production centres to industrial, heat, transport, and power consumers could develop a national hydrogen backbone as large parts of the gas network are repurposed.
National Grid (2022), Project Union, Launch report, May 2022 National Grid

Q) In your view, do you agree that uncertain demand and supply and limited user base will be the predominant barriers in a growth phase of hydrogen network development?

A) We agree these will be the predominant barriers in a growth phase for development of hydrogen networks. Both (National Grid, 2022) and (ENA, 2022) envisage initial supply and demand to develop for industrialised clusters which then extends to blending (important for de-risking investments) for heating purposes in mid 2020s. Beyond this timeframe, a decision on 100% hydrogen for heat must be made in 2026, as this will set in motion decisions on the future of the gas network (how, where and when the gas system can be repurposed) and how hydrogen could complement the expected growth in electrical systems. This will also ensure the ‘demand’ and ‘limited user base’ issues are addressed which would in turn give confidence to investors.
National Grid (2022), Project Union, Launch report, May 2022 National Grid.
ENA (2022), ‘Britain’s Hydrogen Blending Delivery Plan’, Energy Networks Association, 2022

Q) Do you agree that government should develop a dedicated business model for hydrogen storage (subject to value for money and need) and that it should be designed to be technology-neutral?

A) We agree that a dedicated business model for hydrogen is required. Given that each storage is technologically different and are at various levels of maturity, we believe that this should be reflected in the level of support. For instance, above ground compressed hydrogen containers are more established and potentially require less support (operationally and in terms of project lead times) than large scale underground storage facilities in former depleted gas/oil fields. Additionally, aspects such as cushion gas will also need to be accounted for in a dedicated business model for hydrogen storage. The various volumes of cushion gas as a percentage of capacity were highlighted in the Gas infrastructure Europe report on Hydrogen storage (GIE, 2021).
GIE (2021), Picturing the value of underground gas storage to the European hydrogen system, Gas Infrastructure Europe, June 2021

Q) Do you agree that business model support should focus on larger-scale storage, or is there a need to provide further support for small scale storage? 

A) Support should be provided for all types of hydrogen storage. Large scale storage needs more support as the development lead times are much longer and there is likely to be a requirement for cushion gas (GIE, 2021). There is a direct analogy with the gas system, where we have fast response and multi cycle storage facilities that can operate flexibly and on the other hand, we have seasonal capability which for example was provided by the Rough storage facility (Budinger et al, 2015; Fevre, 2013). Both types of storage facilities have served the UK well with different operating criteria. With renewable generation set to increase and demand becoming more difficult to predict, the flexibility provided by fast response hydrogen storage facilities (most likely be smaller scale) are likely to be important. Additionally, the value that large-scale hydrogen storage facilities could provide to security of supply should also be considered in any support package.
GIE (2021), Picturing the value of underground gas storage to the European hydrogen system, Gas Infrastructure Europe, June 2021
Budinger Keith, Harding Colin, Evans David (2015), Fast cycle gas storage, British Geological Survey, Sustainable Exploitation of the Subsurface Conference, 20-21 May 2015
Fevre (2013), Chris Le, 2013, Gas storage in Great Britain, Oxford Institute for energy studies, 2013

Q) In your view, should the build out of hydrogen transport infrastructure evolve through either a) a solely a market-led approach, b) a form of strategic planning, or c) neither?

A) We believe that a hybrid approach would combine the advantages of market and strategic-planning approaches. Allowing the market to innovate and develop hydrogen systems but supported by government through a strategic planner who can provide coordination and general direction in order to move hydrogen from stand-alone-clusters to regional and potentially national system. Like the UK, Germany also has ambitious hydrogen plans (Bundesministerium, 2020) which they hope to implement through a national hydrogen council (involves research, regulators, production, infrastructure owners and users) to co-ordinate the role out. In The UK, initially (early years) we support a market led approach to provide a multitude of ideas but as we move to more integrated systems, technical complexity (and across areas such as energy quality, blending, safety etc) will increase and this will require a strategic direction (co-ordinated approach involving inputs from users and owners of hydrogen infrastructure) to the development.
Bundesministerium (2020), The National Hydrogen Strategy, Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (Germany), 2020

Q) In your view, should the build out of hydrogen storage infrastructure evolve through either a) a solely a market-led approach, b) a form of strategic planning, or c) neither? 

A) If the overall hydrogen transport infrastructure is provided with strategic direction, we don’t believe it also necessary for storage. Storage is a very important component within hydrogen system development, especially the ability to manage supply and demand (short term and seasonally). If the overall strategic direction and planning is implemented for the overall transport infrastructure, storage will most likely be provided by the market to meet specific needs (balancing etc). But it will still require appropriate support from government (support for large scale storage to valuing the flexibility provided by fast cycling storage facilities). 

The HI-ACT team continue to engage with government on policy in the lead up to the launch of the HI-ACT hub (currently planned for May 2023). Please watch this space for updates.

Please contact HIACT@newcastle.ac.uk if you have any queries.